Frans de Waal ookik had het over muizen
en hieronder gaat het ook over de ontdekking van empatie ( of aanzetten tot empatie ) bij lab-muizen
Mice show evidence of empathy
http://www.the-scientist.com/news/display/23764/
Social Modulation of Pain as Evidence for Empathy in Mice
Dale J. Langford, Sara E. Crager, Zarrar Shehzad, Shad B. Smith, Susana G. Sotocinal, Jeremy S. Levenstadt, Mona Lisa Chanda, Daniel J. Levitin, Jeffrey S. Mogil*
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/a ... /5782/1967
New Pain Research Shows Mice Capable Of Empathy
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/20 ... 100140.htm
Even mice show empathy for each other
http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns? ... news_rss20
Over zelfbewustzijn bij dieren valt wel nog wat meer( en genuanceerder) te vinden , dan het door u summier gehouden en aangebrachte beperken ervan tot enkele " hogere " diergroepen zoals olifanten , walsvisachtigen en mensapen waarbij hogere graden van zelfbewustzijn met grote zekerheiid zijn vastgesteld ...Voor empathie is zelfbewustzijn nodig, muizen hebben dit niet, dus kunnen ze nooit empathie hebben.
"In 2006 publiceert Frans de Waal samen met 2 andere wetenschappers een artikel in het Amerikaanse tijdschrift PNAS waarin zij aantonen dat olifanten een zelfbewustzijn hebben. Na het slagen van de spiegeltest schaarden de olifanten zich in het rijtje met mens, mensaap en dolfijn."
Een voorbeeld
P.S.MEASURING ANIMAL SELF-AWARENESS
>The Daily Camera, Marc Bekoff, March 13, 2004
>Marc Bekoff is professor of biology at the University of Colorado, Boulder
http://lists.envirolink.org/pipermail/a ... 22046.html
(enkele uitreksels )
....Do elephants, dolphins, cats, magpies, mice, salmon, ants or bees know who they are?....
In his book,
"The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex,"
Charles Darwin pondered what animals might know about themselves. He wrote:
"It may
>be freely admitted that no animal is self-conscious, if by this term it is
>implied that he reflects on such points, as whence he comes or whither he
>will go, or what is life and death, and so forth."
Darwin also championed
>the notion of evolutionary continuity and believed that animals had some
>sense of self.
In the same book, he wrote,Thus, there are shades of gray and not"Nevertheless, the difference in
>mind between man and the higher animals, great as it is, certainly is one
>of degree and not of kind."
>black-and-white differences between humans and other animals in cognitive
>abilities. So, while animals might not ponder life and death the way humans
>do, they still may have some sense of self.
.......After decades of studying animals ranging from coyotes, gray wolves,
>domestic dogs, and Adlie penguins and other birds, I've come to the
>conclusion that not only are some animals self-aware, but also that there
>are degrees of self-awareness. Combined with studies by my colleagues, it's
>wholly plausible to suggest that many animals have a sense of "mine-ness"
>or "body-ness." So, for example, when an experimental treatment, an object,
>or another individual affects an individual, he or she experiences that
>"something is happening to this body." Many primates relax when being
>groomed and individuals of many species actively seek pleasure and avoid
>pain. There's no need to associate "this body" with "my body" or with "me"
>(or "I"). Many animals also know the placement in space of parts of their
>body as they run, jump, perform acrobatics, or move as a coordinated
>hunting unit or flock without running into one another. They know their
>body isn't someone else's body......
.....>Some people don't want to acknowledge the possibility of self-awareness in
>animals because if they do, the borders between humans and other animals
>become blurred and their narrow, hierarchical, anthropocentric view of the
>world would be toppled.
But Darwin's ideas about continuity, along with empirical data and common sense,
caution against the unyielding claim that humans and perhaps a few other animals
such as other great apes and cetaceans are the only species
in which some sense of self has evolved.
Onderschat ook de "vogels "niet ...Ik heb het al eerder elders en op dit forum gehad over raven , ekster kraaien , roeken en gaaien ....
Roeken zoeken zelfs troost bij elkaar
http://groups.msn.com/evodisku/breinevo ... ssage=3073
en Gaaien (Aphelocoma californica).
plannen zelfs in de toekomst ( wat zeker niet kan zonder enig zelf-besef )
http://groups.msn.com/evodisku/glosi.ms ... ssage=3169
