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Actor Christian Bale has defended his role in a Chinese-language film portraying the 1937 massacre of Chinese by Japan's imperial army in Nanjing.
Critics say the film is nationalistic and anti-Japanese, but Bale says the film is not Chinese propaganda.
"It's far more a movie about human beings and the nature of human beings' responses to crisis," he said.
But Bale, who last year won an Oscar for his role in The Fighter, dismissed criticism of the film.
He said it was a historical piece, and anyone describing it as propaganda was not looking at it closely enough.